Articles on peptides and molecules linked to longevity and cellular aging
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is central to hundreds of metabolic reactions. Its cellular levels decline by approximately 50% between the ages of 20 and 60, correlating with mitochondrial decline, loss of DNA repair capacity, and sirtuin depletion. Understanding the biochemistry of NAD+ is essential for evaluating restoration strategies: NMN, NR, and direct injections.
MOTS-c (Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA type-c) is a 16-amino-acid micropeptide encoded by mitochondrial DNA—a major 2015 discovery that revolutionized our understanding of mitochondrial signaling. It activates the AMPK pathway, enhances insulin sensitivity, and produces exercise-like effects in preclinical models.
Epithalon (tetrapeptide Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, also called Epithalamin) is one of the most studied anti-aging peptides in the fields of telomerase and cellular aging. Originating from Soviet research on the thymus and pineal gland, it is the subject of growing scientific interest.
